Multifocal pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that affects multiple areas (foci) in one or both lungs. It is considered a more severe or widespread form of lung infection compared to lobar pneumonia, which typically affects only one section of the lung. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications, especially in immunocompromised or elderly individuals.
What Is Multifocal Pneumonia?
Multifocal pneumonia involves inflammation and infection in several parts of the lung tissue, usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It is commonly seen in patients with underlying chronic conditions, such as:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Diabetes
- Cancer
- Immune system disorders
Symptoms include:
- Cough (with or without sputum)
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Fever and chills
- Fatigue
Causes and Risk Factors
Infectious Agents
- Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and atypical bacteria like Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Viruses: Influenza, RSV, COVID-19
- Fungi: Particularly in immunocompromised patients
Risk Factors
- Hospitalization (especially ventilated patients)
- Smoking
- Older age
- Weakened immune system
ICD-10 Code for Multifocal Pneumonia
The ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification) provides specific codes for different types of pneumonia.
The most commonly used ICD-10 code for multifocal pneumonia is:
J18.9 – Pneumonia, unspecified organism
However, if the cause of the pneumonia is known, a more specific ICD-10 code should be used. Examples include:
- J15.9 – Bacterial pneumonia, unspecified
- J12.9 – Viral pneumonia, unspecified
- J18.0 – Bronchopneumonia, unspecified organism
- J18.1 – Lobar pneumonia, unspecified organism
Since multifocal pneumonia refers to a pattern rather than a specific pathogen, J18.9 is often used unless a causative agent is confirmed through testing.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
- Chest X-ray or CT scan (to confirm multiple infiltrates)
- Blood tests
- Sputum cultures
- PCR or antigen tests for viral causes
Treatment
- Antibiotics for bacterial infections
- Antivirals if a virus like influenza is identified
- Oxygen therapy for patients with respiratory distress
- Hospitalization may be needed for severe cases
Conclusion
Multifocal pneumonia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Its ICD-10 coding primarily falls under J18.9 when no specific organism is identified. Accurate documentation and coding are crucial for effective treatment planning and insurance processing.